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"It only scratches the surface," he said. Odugu said he has confirmed 220 subdivisions - home to thousands of people - in Cook County whose records contain the covenants. "But as soon as I got to the U.S., it was clear that was not the case. I had was a post-racial society," said Odugu, who's from Nigeria. He said he was stunned to learn "how widespread they were." While the covenants have existed for decades, they've become a forgotten piece of history.ĭesmond Odugu, chairman of the education department at Lake Forest College in Illinois, has documented the history of racial residential segregation and where racial covenants exist in the Chicago area. "I see them and I just shake my head," she said in an interview with NPR. It's a painstaking process that can take hours to yield one result.Ĭook County Clerk Karen Yarbrough, whose office houses all county deeds, said she has known about racial covenants in property records since the 1970s, when she first saw one while selling real estate in suburban Chicago. In Cook County, Illinois, for instance, finding one deed with a covenant means poring through ledgers in the windowless basement room of the county recorder's office in downtown Chicago. But in most counties, property records are still paper documents that sit in file cabinets and on shelves. Some counties, such as San Diego County and Hennepin County, which includes Minneapolis, have digitized their records, making it easier to find the outlawed covenants. maintain land records, and each has a different way of recording and searching for them. The more than 3,000 counties throughout the U.S. It's impossible to know exactly how many racially restrictive covenants remain on the books throughout the U.S., though Winling and others who study the issue estimate there are millions. Maria and Miguel Cisneros hold the deed for their house in Golden Valley.
In some instances, trying to remove a covenant - or its racially charged language - is a bureaucratic nightmare in other cases, it can be politically unpopular.
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The challenge now is figuring out how to bury the hatred without erasing history. In this moment of racial reckoning, keeping the covenants on the books perpetuates segregation and is an affront to people who are living in homes and neighborhoods where they have not been wanted, some say.
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While most of the covenants throughout the country were written to keep Blacks from moving into certain neighborhoods - unless they were servants - many targeted other ethnic and religious groups, such as Asian Americans and Jews, records show. This project is part of NPR's collaborative investigative initiative with member stations. Corinne Ruff is an economic development reporter for St. Roxana Popescu is an investigative reporter at inewsource in San Diego. Natalie Moore covers race and class for WBEZ in Chicago. What Selders found was a racially restrictive covenant in the Prairie Village Homeowners Association property records that says, "None of said land may be conveyed to, used, owned, or occupied by negroes as owners or tenants." The covenant applied to all 1,700 homes in the homeowners association, she said.Ĭristina Kim is a race and equity reporter for KPBS in San Diego. It made my stomach turn to see it there in black-and-white." "I heard the rumors, and there it was," Selders recalled. So she combed through deeds in the county recorder's office for two days looking for specific language.Īt one point, she stumbled across some language, but it had nothing to do with chickens. Inga Selders, a city council member in a suburb of Kansas City, wanted to know if there were provisions preventing homeowners from legally having backyard chickens. Selders stumbled upon a racially restrictive housing covenant in her homeowners association property records. Council Member Inga Selders stands in front of her childhood home, where she currently lives with her family in Prairie Village, Kan.